This paper intends to address the problem of inflation in less developed, and transitional economies, where the institutions of market is not fully developed. It is argued that the conventional Neo-Classical policies based on rigid Monetarist views fail to properly address the problem in less developed economies, and as a result its policy prescriptions are bound to fail.  In These economies the issue of persisting inflation and unemployment, presents a serious challenge, which requires a more realistic approach in studying the problem. Considering the case of Iran, following a brief review of the background of a dualistic structure in the economy, the nature of recent price changes and distribution patterns is analyzed for various income groups. Then it is argued that while the current price and subsidy reform could lead to higher economic efficiency, a significant success in this program requires however, supplementary macroeconomic reforms in several areas, towards the goal of greater economic growth and a more competitive position in global markets.

Introduction: The expected values of hematologic and serum biochemical parameters in domestic animal species can be affected by breed, age, environment, and nutrition. Established breed-specific Reference intervals (RI) are an important tool for monitoring the health of sheep. There is a lack of published data on biochemical RI for Sngsari sheep. Thus, the aims of this study were to establish RI for select of serum biochemical parameters for Sangsari sheep by Reference Value Advisor (RVA) method and provide information on the studied parameters for both sex of this breed in order to form a basis for clinical interpretation. Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy Sangsari sheep including 26 ewes and 34 rams (2– 4 years old) were chosen from the breeding station of Sangsari sheep among 150 sheep in Damghan, Semnan, Iran. The type of feeding, all the animals had free access to water and to good-quality alfalfa hay (90. 0 % DM, 15. 8 CP % DM, 50. 4NDF%DM, 31. 6ADF%DM, 5. 8 lignin% DM, and 2. 2 EE % DM). Concentrate (23 % oats, 36 % corn, 38 % barley, and 3%mineral and vitamin supplements) was provided once daily (200 g per animal per day). In the sampling day, breeder signed a subscription form and completed a primary questionnaire consisting of specific questions about past and current health status, sexual status, medications used, and familial and reproductive medical history. Complete physical examinations were performed by the same experienced veterinarian on each sheep. In order to reduce stress, blood samples were taken in the station with minimal changes in the usual schedule of the sheep. Blood samples (taken from the jugular vein) were collected in simple tubes in order to separate the serum (centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min) for biochemical analysis. Samples transported at +4 ° C to the laboratory department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan, Iran. Biochemical parameters were measured by a autoanalyzer. These parameters included alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyletransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb). For statistical analysis, data were analyzed by Reference Value Advisor and outliers were deleted if detected according to Tukey or Dixon. RIs, according to sample size, were determined using a robust method and following Box-Cox transformation of data. The data were normally distributed, and differences between sexes in biochemical parameters were analyzed using independent sample T test. A value of P<0. 05 was considered as significant. Results and Discussion: The RI of biochemical parameters obtained from adult healthy Sangsari sheep includes the following: ALP 49. 24-564. 84 u/l; GGT 24. 14-62. 23 u/l; AST 10. 86-338. 40 u/l; BUN 6. 91-26. 43 mg/dl; TP 5. 19-13. 95 gr/dl and Alb 0. 92-3. 63 gr/dl. Established RI of biochemical parameters for ewes and rams, respectively including: ALP 29. 98-702. 89 u/l; GGT 22. 41-54. 49 u/l; AST 1. 36-279. 89 u/l; BUN 5. 9526. 86 mg/dl; TP 5. 75-12. 83 gr/dl; Alb 0. 84-2. 77 gr/dl and ALP 106. 08-568. 55 u/l; GGT 20. 80-58. 30 u/l; AST 360. 12 u/l; BUN 8. 15-26. 04 mg/dl; TP 4. 66-15. 59 g/dl and Alb 0. 74-3. 77 g/dl. Interpretation of the biochemical results in different breeds of sheep, with regard to RI for each parameter, in conjunction with history, clinical findings and other paraclinical tests helps the clinician to reach a definitive diagnosis. A unique feature of Sangsari sheep is that they are highly adaptable with desert and mountain ranges with high tolerance of drought conditions. This breed is also relatively small size and light weight, and most studies have focused on genetic characteristics associated with this trait. In view of the characteristics mentioned above and considering the lack of Reference range for biochemical parameters, it is necessary to determine Reference intervals in Sangsari sheep. In order to establish a comprehensive Reference interval in Sangsari sheep, a select biochemical parameters were evaluated in the present study. Almost most of the established RI for biochemical parameters in this study differed from previously published RI, so that the lower and upper limits of RI of theses parameters (with the exception of BUN) were lower and higher than the values previously reported. Differences between obtained RI for the Sangsari sheep and previously reported RI for other breeds may be attributed to variations in hormonal influences, hydration status, dietary differences, or adaptations to a desert environment, age, breed, season of study and analytic method. Conclusion: The obtained data provided Reference interval for biochemical parameters in Sangsari sheep for the first time. Present study demonstrates significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters. Reference intervals determined in this study provide a baseline for interpreting biochemical results in Sangsari sheep, and contribute to optimization of the management of this species.

Background & Objective: In addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the hippocampus contains Astrocytes that play important roles in regulating ion flux currents, energy production, neurotransmitter release and memory. Learning needs some instrument for information storage and information maintenances mechanisms resemble to memory. The aim of this study was determination of spatial memory effect on the number of astrocytes in rat’s hippocampus.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, with usage of Morris Water Maze and Reference memory technique, we used 10 male albino wistar rats. 5 rats were in control group and 5 rats in Reference memory group. After histological preparation, the slides were stained with PTAH staining for showing the Astrocytes. Results: The findings of this study showed significant difference in astrocytes number in CA1, CA2 and CA3 area of hippocampus between control and Reference memory group. The mean and SD of astrocytes in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of Reference memory group were 118.57±25.29, 58.91±23.59 and 116.6±31.14, that they are more than control group with 49±17.29 in CA1, 48.8±25.21 in CA2 and 41.95±11.22 in CA3. Conclusion: We concluded that the number of astrocytes increased due to spatial learning (e.g. Reference memory method).

Using Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, this paper examines the interaction between OPEC Reference basket price fluctuations and economic growth of the most important OECD countries (America, England, Germany, France, Italy, Canada and Japan) for the period 1980:1-2005:1. The results based on cointegration test, impulse response function, variance decomposition and Granger causality test show that the oil price effect on real GDP level of OECD countries is limited to the short-run. Moreover, Granger causality test shows a unidirectional cause of OPEC Reference basket price growth rate to real GDP growth rate of these countries, but not vice versa. In addition, there is .a negative effect .of the oil stocking on the OPEC Reference basket price and positive effect on OECD economic growth when an oil price shock happens.

Unlike many arbitrations, the arbitration procedure for price reviews in gas industry contracts is not based on allegations that one party has breached a contract or otherwise committed a legal wrong. Instead, arbitrators are asked to determine whether the economics of a contract has been changed in the market and thus should be adjusted; if so, a new price formula should be established. Due to the complexity of the revision of gas prices, the gas experts have significant role in these arbitrations. Regarding the role of gas experts, gas price arbitrations have specific nature. In this article, the nature of these arbitrations is examined to establish whether they are arbitration or expert determination as one of alternative dispute resolutions (ADR). Iran has the second proven natural gas resources worldwide and is the third natural gas producer in the world, so Iran– Turkey case will come under scrutiny in this article.

Purpose: Studies have shown that price trends such as momentum in the stock market form opportunities for abnormal returns. The underreaction of investors to Reference points, due to behavioral bias, is one of the reasons for forming momentum. In this research, the role of recency bias in forming momentum pattern is investigated. Methods: Research is a ex-post facto research that is carried out using a portfolio study method and data obtained from 108 companies from Tehran Stock Exchange during the 10 years from the beginning of 1386 to the end of 1395 (Solar Hijri-Iranian calendar) and selecting the three Reference prices including 13-, 26-and 52-week high prices. Also, robustness tests based on Fama-French multi-factor model and Fama-MacBeth model. Results: Momentum strategies based on 13, 26 and 52-week Reference prices in the portfolios of 20% winner-loser stocks are 0%, 8. 2%, and, 8. 1%, respectively, the latter two being statistically significant. With 3 and 6-month echo periods, the strategy of the 26-week high at portfolio levels is significant and this return is maintained by adjusting the risk factors. The results were evaluated by robustness tests and the evidences indicate that the findings are significant in the presence of control variables. Conclusions: results showed momentum strategy based on 26-week high price due to recency bias (that is defined by recency ratio) has a higher performance compared to other Reference prices that can be explained by the phenomenon of updating Reference points. It also improves with increasing echo effect. Contribution: In this study, the role of the recency bias and the echo effect with the three Reference prices is examined and the 26-week high price is considered as a notable Reference price which along with other Reference prices in theory (such as a 52-week high price) can be used to define the momentum strategy.

Pricing has always been an important component of marketing. price discrimination is one of the attractive pricing strategies to get the most out of the consumers. But these policies can have a direct impact on consumer behavior and trigger different reactions. In this study, the role of price discrimination, inequality status and Reference price in consumer behavior is discussed. By conducting two experimental studies, 540 management students have engaged and collaborated projects, the impact of these variables on perceived unfairness, negative emotions, repurchase intention, positive word-of-mouth and perceived value in the shopping malls industry was studied. The results showed that different levels of price discrimination produced different responses from consumers. However, indirect price discrimination (using membership fees) is the best option for enforcing this policy. Internal Reference prices can also moderate consumer reactions. The results of this study can be used as a practical model for shopping malls (especially for use in customer clubs).

Shadegan wetland, the largest Iranian wetland is among the important international wetlands of 537700 area located in the furthermost jarahi river route at ontset of the Persian Gulf in the south western Iran.It’s basin area is 24310 km3 located in Khuzestan plain lands. This study intends to compare procedure of variations in shadegan wetland conservative values using the world standard method daring 1360s, 1370sand 1380s, in this study it is a empted to deal with considering procedure of variation in shadegan wetland conservative values daring 1360s, 1370s and 1380s and presenting a comparision of their conservative values during this period with respect to sources and feasibilities present in the wetland range and using IUCN conservative valuation criteria. Criteria inserted in these methods include 14 major criteria and 22 minor criteria. That at the end shadegan wetland achieved the potentials and capabilities of assignment either as a conservated coastal-marine area or costal – marine wild shelter achieving 101 scores (out of 140 scores) in 1360s, 110 scores in 1370s and 111 scores in 1380s (out of 150 scores).

During the years of imposed sanctions against Iran, Iran Khodro Company (IKCO) faced a hazardous situation due to the growing purchasing cost of Completely Knocked Down (CKD) parts and the emergence of new product variants in the competitive market. To analyze such situation, this study examines a multi-period semi-centralized dual-channel supply chain in which a common retailer (free market) and two manufacturers' (IKCO and Saipa as a major competitor) direct channels are confronted with Reference price-dependent and stochastic demands. The problem is analyzed under Stackelberg and cooperative game scenarios using heuristic algorithm and a League Championship algorithm, respectively, as solution methods. Results obtained from solving the problem with IKCO data con, rm the higher pro, tability of adopting the cooperative game and its remarkable resilience for all products' memory types, i. e., short/long term memory against production cost disruption which is imposed against IKCO in some periods. Besides calculating Saipa's optimal wholesale price in disruption periods, our approach with a support of experimental analyses is able to assign a supply chain's degree of resilience against disruptions to its product's memory type and power structure.